illuminated manuscript

Paints

The medieval artist's palette was surprisingly broad.

Red
Mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), often called cinnabar or vermilion, in its natural mineral form or synthesized; they were

"red lead" or minium (Pb3O4); or, why not

insect-based colours such as cochineal ,kermes and lac; or, my old friend

rust (iron oxide, Fe2O3) or iron oxide-rich earth compounds....yep

and

Yellow

from
Plant-based colours, such as Weld, turmeric or saffron; think of those

yellow earth colours (ochre); anyway less

orpiment (arsenic sulfide, As2S3)

As for
Green

we rather use
Plant-based compounds such as buckthorn berries;

copper compounds such as verdigris et alia et alia

Or

Blue
Ultramarine (made from the mineral lapis lazuli);

azurite;

smalt; in mixtures and solutions and blends/amalgams/compounds/composites

plant-based substances such as woad, indigo, and folium or turnsole, for contrast...

Whites from
Lead white (also called "flake white", basic lead carbonate (PbCO3));.... co3, co3, co3

chalk

Black
Carbon, from sources such as lampblack, charcoal, or burnt bones or ivory;but co3 co3 ??

sepia;

iron and gall, tall, maul, haul, rawl, ball, call

Gold
Gold, in leaf form (hammered extremely thin) or powdered and bound in gum arabic or egg (called "shell gold") with much

Silver
Silver, either silver leaf or powdered, as with gold;

tin leaf

as with silver

as with gold

leaf form